拜占廷帝國於1453年滅亡了,但是它的精神永存。其信仰、文化和關於政治生活的理念繼續活躍著,不僅在那些以前曾經是拜占廷的土地上,而且在古老帝國的邊界以外地區仍然能感受到它的影響,成為歐洲各國文明和政治發展的促進因素。以希臘特有的信仰形式保存的基督教作為拜占廷精神的象徵和羅馬天主教的對立物被希臘人、南斯拉夫人和東斯拉夫人視為神聖。在土耳其人統治的幾個世紀期間,希臘人、保加利亞人、塞爾維亞人將東正教看作其精神和民族獨立的象徵,正是東正教教會真正保護了巴爾幹人民在土耳其人的汪洋大海中未被吞沒,因此,也使他們有可能在19世紀進行民族復興。東正教也是一麵信仰的旗幟,俄羅斯各個國家在這麵旗幟下實現了統一,莫斯科公國發展成為強大的國家。拜占廷帝國和南斯拉夫各王國滅亡以後不久,莫斯科再度並永遠擺脫了韃靼人的統治,作為惟一的東正教獨立國家,它自然成為東正教世界的中心。伊凡三世,這位俄羅斯各國偉大的解放者和統一者娶專製君主托馬斯·帕列奧列格的女兒、拜占廷帝國末代皇帝的侄女為妻子。他將拜占廷帝國皇帝的標誌雙頭鷹帶在雙臂上,將拜占廷宮廷禮儀引入莫斯科,不久還使俄羅斯像拜占廷帝國曾經做過的那樣,成為地方基督教的領袖。俄羅斯成為拜占廷帝國真正的繼承人,它從君士坦丁堡接受了拜占廷式的羅馬觀念。如果說君士坦丁堡是新羅馬的話,那麽莫斯科就是“第三羅馬”。拜占廷帝國的偉大傳統、信仰、政治理想和精神在俄羅斯帝國存在了幾個世紀。
拜占廷文化對東方和西方甚至產生了更廣泛、更深刻的影響,雖然這一影響在羅曼語係和日耳曼語係各國不如在斯拉夫語係各國那樣明顯,但是,拜占廷帝國對西方的文化貢獻也同樣不能忽視。拜占廷帝國是古典時代的希臘、羅馬文明跨越時代,得以保存至今的工具,正因為如此,拜占廷帝國可以說是貢獻者,而西方可以說是接受者。這一點在文藝復興時代特別突出,當時出現了崇尚古典文化的熱潮,西方發現從拜占廷文化源泉中發掘的古代寶藏就能夠滿足其渴求。拜占廷帝國保存了古代世界的遺產,因此,也就完成了它在世界歷史發展中的使命。它從毀滅中拯救並保護了羅馬法、希臘文學、希臘哲學和學問,使得這筆寶貴的遺產能夠流傳給西歐各民族,他們至今仍在接受這筆遺產。
【注釋】
[1]on this cf.a.rubo i lluch,‘paquiemeres y muntaner’,set.hist.arqueol.de l’institut d’estudis catns.mémoires 1(1927),33 ff.
[2]on the date of his birth cf.v.grecu,bull de l’acad.roumaine 27(1946),56 ff.
[3]on the life and writings of nicephorus gregoras cf.r.guind,essai sur nicéphore grégoras,paris 1926.
[4]bezdeki,‘nicephori gregorae episte xc’,ephemeris dacoromana 2(1925),239-377;r.guind,correspondance de nicéphore grégoras,paris 1927,where some of the 161 extant letters of n.gregoras are printed with french trans.,but for the majority only a very brief summary is given.the careful notes,pp.291-389,on n.gregoras’correspondents are useful;but on the text and trans.cf.h.grégoire,b 3,468 ff.
[5]ed.j.darkoonici 插lcocande historiarum demonstrationes 1,21 and 2,budapest 1922,1923 and 1927;rumanian trantion,v.grecuonic 插lcocondil:expuneri istorice,ed.acad.rep.pop.romine 1958.cf.also k.güterbock,&lsquoonikos 插lkondyles’,zeitschr.f.volkerrecht 4(1910),72 ff.;darko,`zum leben desonikos 插lkon-kondyles’,bz 24(1923),29 ff.;idem,‘neue beitrage zur biographie desonikos 插lkokondyles’,ibid.27(1927),275 ff.;idem,`neue emendationsvorscge zuonikos 插lkokondyles’,ibid.32(1932),2 ff.w.miller,‘thest athenian historianonikos 插lkondyles’,jhs 42(1922),36 ff..athens 1926,pp.104-71.a.nimet,die türkische prosopographie beionikos 插lkokandyles,diss.hamburg 1933;further bibliography in moravcsik,byzantinoturcica 1,2nd ed.,396 ff.
[6]his first name has not been preserved.v.grecu,‘pour une meilleure connaissance de l’historien doukas’,mémorial l.petit(1948),128 ff.,argues that he was called mi插el like his grandfather but this is so far only a suggestion.
[7]new critical edition with an introduction and rumanian trantion;v.grecu,ducas,istoria turco-bizantinǎ(1341-1462),ed.acad.rep.pop.romine 1958.
[8]on his name cf.vurent,et nonbz 44(1951)(dolger festschrift),373 ff.,and‘sphrantzès et non phrantzès à nouveau’,reb 9(1951),170 f.
[9]there is a new edition of the first two books by j.b.papadopoulos,georgii phrantzae chronikon 1,leipzig(teubner)1935.as he had already stated elsewhere(cf.bulletin de l’inst.archéol.bulgare 9,177 ff.),he did not consider that sphrantzes was the author of the chron.maius which he was editing,but thought that this was based on the shorter chron.minus(migne,pg 156,1025-80)which he regarded as the genuine work of sphrantzes,while the maius was produced in 1573-5 by macarius melissenus.f.dolger,otto-uning-festschrift(1936),29 ff.,and bz 37(1937),502 f.,thinks that the minus was sphrantzes’diary which he himself expanded and revised when he wrote his history(i.e.the chron.maius)which was subsequently falsified by macarius with various additions.this view was then supported by papadopulos,über“maius”und“minus”des georgios phrantzes’,bz 38(1938),323 ff.cf.also dolger,ibid.489 ff.on the other hand,v.grumel,eo 36(1937),88 f.,and h.grégoire,b 12(1937),389 ff.,consider that the maius was the real work of sphrantzes and the minus an extract madeter;moravcsik,byzantinoturcica 1,152.also inclines towards this view.meanwhile,those who attack the genuineness of the maius have received fresh support from the investigations of r.j.loenertz,&lsquo date de lettreθ’de manuel paléologue etl’inauthenticitédu‘chronicon maius de georges phrantzès’,eo 39(1940),91 ff.,and especially his‘autour du chronicon maius attribué à georges phrantzès’,miscenea g.mercati 3(1946),273 ff.,where he maintains that the maius is aption made by macarius melissenus from the genuine minus,as well as also from 插lcocondyles and the chronicle of dorotheus of monemvasia.this conclusion is based on weighty and in the main entirely convincing arguments;its uracy is made increasingly certain by further research into this period,so that the dispute may now be regarded as concluded.the view of loenertz is now also shared by moravcsik,byzantinoturcica 1,2nd ed.,287 ff.cf.dolger’s agreement,bz 43(1950),63.
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拜占廷文化對東方和西方甚至產生了更廣泛、更深刻的影響,雖然這一影響在羅曼語係和日耳曼語係各國不如在斯拉夫語係各國那樣明顯,但是,拜占廷帝國對西方的文化貢獻也同樣不能忽視。拜占廷帝國是古典時代的希臘、羅馬文明跨越時代,得以保存至今的工具,正因為如此,拜占廷帝國可以說是貢獻者,而西方可以說是接受者。這一點在文藝復興時代特別突出,當時出現了崇尚古典文化的熱潮,西方發現從拜占廷文化源泉中發掘的古代寶藏就能夠滿足其渴求。拜占廷帝國保存了古代世界的遺產,因此,也就完成了它在世界歷史發展中的使命。它從毀滅中拯救並保護了羅馬法、希臘文學、希臘哲學和學問,使得這筆寶貴的遺產能夠流傳給西歐各民族,他們至今仍在接受這筆遺產。
【注釋】
[1]on this cf.a.rubo i lluch,‘paquiemeres y muntaner’,set.hist.arqueol.de l’institut d’estudis catns.mémoires 1(1927),33 ff.
[2]on the date of his birth cf.v.grecu,bull de l’acad.roumaine 27(1946),56 ff.
[3]on the life and writings of nicephorus gregoras cf.r.guind,essai sur nicéphore grégoras,paris 1926.
[4]bezdeki,‘nicephori gregorae episte xc’,ephemeris dacoromana 2(1925),239-377;r.guind,correspondance de nicéphore grégoras,paris 1927,where some of the 161 extant letters of n.gregoras are printed with french trans.,but for the majority only a very brief summary is given.the careful notes,pp.291-389,on n.gregoras’correspondents are useful;but on the text and trans.cf.h.grégoire,b 3,468 ff.
[5]ed.j.darkoonici 插lcocande historiarum demonstrationes 1,21 and 2,budapest 1922,1923 and 1927;rumanian trantion,v.grecuonic 插lcocondil:expuneri istorice,ed.acad.rep.pop.romine 1958.cf.also k.güterbock,&lsquoonikos 插lkondyles’,zeitschr.f.volkerrecht 4(1910),72 ff.;darko,`zum leben desonikos 插lkon-kondyles’,bz 24(1923),29 ff.;idem,‘neue beitrage zur biographie desonikos 插lkokondyles’,ibid.27(1927),275 ff.;idem,`neue emendationsvorscge zuonikos 插lkokondyles’,ibid.32(1932),2 ff.w.miller,‘thest athenian historianonikos 插lkondyles’,jhs 42(1922),36 ff..athens 1926,pp.104-71.a.nimet,die türkische prosopographie beionikos 插lkokandyles,diss.hamburg 1933;further bibliography in moravcsik,byzantinoturcica 1,2nd ed.,396 ff.
[6]his first name has not been preserved.v.grecu,‘pour une meilleure connaissance de l’historien doukas’,mémorial l.petit(1948),128 ff.,argues that he was called mi插el like his grandfather but this is so far only a suggestion.
[7]new critical edition with an introduction and rumanian trantion;v.grecu,ducas,istoria turco-bizantinǎ(1341-1462),ed.acad.rep.pop.romine 1958.
[8]on his name cf.vurent,et nonbz 44(1951)(dolger festschrift),373 ff.,and‘sphrantzès et non phrantzès à nouveau’,reb 9(1951),170 f.
[9]there is a new edition of the first two books by j.b.papadopoulos,georgii phrantzae chronikon 1,leipzig(teubner)1935.as he had already stated elsewhere(cf.bulletin de l’inst.archéol.bulgare 9,177 ff.),he did not consider that sphrantzes was the author of the chron.maius which he was editing,but thought that this was based on the shorter chron.minus(migne,pg 156,1025-80)which he regarded as the genuine work of sphrantzes,while the maius was produced in 1573-5 by macarius melissenus.f.dolger,otto-uning-festschrift(1936),29 ff.,and bz 37(1937),502 f.,thinks that the minus was sphrantzes’diary which he himself expanded and revised when he wrote his history(i.e.the chron.maius)which was subsequently falsified by macarius with various additions.this view was then supported by papadopulos,über“maius”und“minus”des georgios phrantzes’,bz 38(1938),323 ff.cf.also dolger,ibid.489 ff.on the other hand,v.grumel,eo 36(1937),88 f.,and h.grégoire,b 12(1937),389 ff.,consider that the maius was the real work of sphrantzes and the minus an extract madeter;moravcsik,byzantinoturcica 1,152.also inclines towards this view.meanwhile,those who attack the genuineness of the maius have received fresh support from the investigations of r.j.loenertz,&lsquo date de lettreθ’de manuel paléologue etl’inauthenticitédu‘chronicon maius de georges phrantzès’,eo 39(1940),91 ff.,and especially his‘autour du chronicon maius attribué à georges phrantzès’,miscenea g.mercati 3(1946),273 ff.,where he maintains that the maius is aption made by macarius melissenus from the genuine minus,as well as also from 插lcocondyles and the chronicle of dorotheus of monemvasia.this conclusion is based on weighty and in the main entirely convincing arguments;its uracy is made increasingly certain by further research into this period,so that the dispute may now be regarded as concluded.the view of loenertz is now also shared by moravcsik,byzantinoturcica 1,2nd ed.,287 ff.cf.dolger’s agreement,bz 43(1950),63.
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