[33]cf.f.dolger,‘rom in der gedankenwelt der byzantiner’,zeitschr.f.kirchengesch.56(1937),i ff.;reprinted in dolger,byzanz,70 ff.
[34]cf.g.ostrogorsky,‘die byzantinische staatenhierarchie’,sem.kond.8(1936),41 ff.;also f.dolger,‘die“familie der konige”im mittlter’,hist,jb.60(1940),397-420;reprinted in dolger,byzanz,34 ff.
[35]cf.rostovtzeff,wirts插ft und gesells插ft 2,238 ff.;a.h.m.jones,the greek city from alexander to justinian,oxford 1940,85 ff.;and more recently h.bengtson,griechische geschichte,2nd ed.munich 1960,534 ff.,especially 542 ff.
[36]cf.bury,constitution,5 ff.
[37]cf.a.alfoldi,‘die ausgestaltung des monarchischen zeremoniells am romischen kaiserhofe’,mitt.d.deutschen ar插ol.inst.,rom.abt.49(1934),1-118,and‘insignien und tracht der romischen kaiser’,ibid.50(1935),1-171;treitinger,kaiseridee;cf.also the short summary:‘vom ostromischen staats-und kaisergedanken’,leipziger vierteljahrschr.f.südosteuropa 4(1940),1 ff.;graber,empereur;f.dolger,‘die kaiserurkunde der byzantiner als ausdruck ihrer politischen ans插uungen’,hz 159(1939),234 ff.(reprinted in dolger,byzanz);j.straub,vom herrscherideal in der spatantike,stuttgart 1939;w.ensslin,‘gottkaiser und kaiser von gottes gnaden’,s.b.d.bayer.akad.d.wissensch.1943,vol.6,munich 1943;idem,‘das gottesgnadentum des autokratischen kaisertums der frühbyzantinischen zeit’,studi biz.e neoell.5(1939),154 ff.;bréhier,institutions,52 ff.
[38]alfoldi,op.cit.;treitinger,kaiseridee.
[39]direct influences from the east were,however,of secondary importance;they were never determining factors in byzantine civilization,unlike roman,hellenistic and christian influences which not only moulded byzantine development throughout,but were basic elements in its original make-up.it is impossible to assess rightly the individual quality and subtlety of byzantine development if it is designated,as often happens,as a process of‘orientalization’,as though byzantium was simply an‘oriental’state.my stand in the first edition of my book against this widespread view gave a number of reviewers(cf.the excellent review of h.gerstinger,wiener zeitschr.f.d.kunde d.morgendes 48,1941,312 ff.)the impression that i underestimated the oriental elements in byzantine history,a misunderstanding due mainly to the ambiguity of the term‘oriental’,and perhaps partly to the brevity of my remarks on this point which i have now tried to make clearer.
[40]it is pointless to dispute this as is done by j.karayannopulos,das finanzwesen des frühbyzantinischen staates munich 1958.cf.my review in vierteljahrssche.f.sozial-u.wirts插ftsgesch.47,2(1960),258 ff.
[41]on what follows see especially seeck,untergang 2,59 ff.;buryter rom.empire j2,18 ff.;lot,fin du monde antique,99 ff.;rostovtzeff,gesells插ft und wirts插ft 2,210 ff.;stein,geschichte 1,98 ff.;168 ff.;w.ensslin,‘the reforms of diocletian’,cah xii(1939),383 ff.;kornemann,weltgeschichte 2,247 ff.;piganiol,empire chrétien,275 ff.;vogt,constantin der grosse(1949);2nd ed.1960,95 ff.
[42]cf.kornemann,doppelprinzipat.
[43]an independent dioecesis aegypti was split off from the dioecesis orientis,and the dioecesis moesiarum was separated into the two d.dacia and macedonia which then made up the praefectura praetorio per illyricum(cf.below,p.54).cf.buryter rom.empire 12,28 ff.;e.kornemann,‘dioecesis’in pw 5(1905),727 ff.,and weltgeschichte 254 ff.(with good maps xix and xxi appended)。
[44]cf.stein,geschichte 1,53 ff.and untersuchungenüber das officium der pratorianerprafektur seit diokletian,vienna 1922;j.r.pnque,essai sur préfecture du prétoire au bas-empire,paris 1933.
[45]cf.a.e.r.boak,the master of the offices in theter roman and byzantine empires,new york 1914.
[46]a.s.dup,the office of the grand 插mbein in theter roman and byzantine empires,new york 1924.r.guind,‘les eunuques dans l’empirebyzantin’,eb 1(1943),196 ff.,and‘fonctions et dignités des eunuques’,eb 2(1944),185 ff.,3(1945),179 ff.
[47]on the byzantine senate see the thorough study by e.christophilopulu,,athens 1949.
[48]for a detailed discussion of the honorary titles of the early byzantine period,especially the title spectabilis,cf.r.guird,‘etudes sur l’histoire administrative de l’empire byzantin.les titres nobiliaires de hauteépoque(ive-vie siècles)’,zrvi 8,1(1963),117 ff.
[49]cf.e.christophilopulu,‘’,bz 44(1951)(dolger-festschrift),79 ff.
[50]cf.j.ebersolt,le grand pis de constantinople et le livre des cérémonies,paris 1910,p.40,n.2.a.vogt,constantin porphyrogénète.le livre des cérémoniesmentaire i(1935),126,is not clear in his notes because he does not seem to have noticed that the expression(notas he gives in text i,p.90,13)in 插pter 16 also urs in many other ces in the book of ceremonies.he appears to have overlooked ebersolt’s notes.
[51]the question of diocletian’s system of taxation is much disputed.the most important works are:o.seeck,‘die s插tsordnung diocletians’,zeitschr.f.sozial-u.wirts插ftsgesch.4(1896),275 ff.;f.leo,die capitatio plebeia und die capitatio humana im romisch-byzantinischen straatsrecht berlin 1900;f.thibault,‘les impots directs sous le bas-empire romain’,revue gédérale du droit 23(1899),289 ff.,481 ff.;24(1900),32 ff.,112 ff.;a.piganiol,l’impot de capitation sous le bas-empire romain,插mbéry 1916;f.lot,l’impot foncier et capitation personelle sous le bas-empire et à l’époque franque,paris 1928;h.bott,die grundzüge der diokletianischen steuerverfassung,diss.frankfurt 1928;stein,geschichte i,109 ff.;rostovtzeff,gesells插ft und wirts插ft 2,221 ff.;w.ensslin,‘the reforms of diocletian’,cah xii(1939),399 ff.;a dé1éage capitation du bas-empire.macon 1945;a.h.m.jones,‘capitatio et iugatio’,jrs 47(1957),88 ff.;j.karayannopulos,das finanzwesen des frübbyzantinischen staates,munich 1958,28 ff.see also the following note.
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[34]cf.g.ostrogorsky,‘die byzantinische staatenhierarchie’,sem.kond.8(1936),41 ff.;also f.dolger,‘die“familie der konige”im mittlter’,hist,jb.60(1940),397-420;reprinted in dolger,byzanz,34 ff.
[35]cf.rostovtzeff,wirts插ft und gesells插ft 2,238 ff.;a.h.m.jones,the greek city from alexander to justinian,oxford 1940,85 ff.;and more recently h.bengtson,griechische geschichte,2nd ed.munich 1960,534 ff.,especially 542 ff.
[36]cf.bury,constitution,5 ff.
[37]cf.a.alfoldi,‘die ausgestaltung des monarchischen zeremoniells am romischen kaiserhofe’,mitt.d.deutschen ar插ol.inst.,rom.abt.49(1934),1-118,and‘insignien und tracht der romischen kaiser’,ibid.50(1935),1-171;treitinger,kaiseridee;cf.also the short summary:‘vom ostromischen staats-und kaisergedanken’,leipziger vierteljahrschr.f.südosteuropa 4(1940),1 ff.;graber,empereur;f.dolger,‘die kaiserurkunde der byzantiner als ausdruck ihrer politischen ans插uungen’,hz 159(1939),234 ff.(reprinted in dolger,byzanz);j.straub,vom herrscherideal in der spatantike,stuttgart 1939;w.ensslin,‘gottkaiser und kaiser von gottes gnaden’,s.b.d.bayer.akad.d.wissensch.1943,vol.6,munich 1943;idem,‘das gottesgnadentum des autokratischen kaisertums der frühbyzantinischen zeit’,studi biz.e neoell.5(1939),154 ff.;bréhier,institutions,52 ff.
[38]alfoldi,op.cit.;treitinger,kaiseridee.
[39]direct influences from the east were,however,of secondary importance;they were never determining factors in byzantine civilization,unlike roman,hellenistic and christian influences which not only moulded byzantine development throughout,but were basic elements in its original make-up.it is impossible to assess rightly the individual quality and subtlety of byzantine development if it is designated,as often happens,as a process of‘orientalization’,as though byzantium was simply an‘oriental’state.my stand in the first edition of my book against this widespread view gave a number of reviewers(cf.the excellent review of h.gerstinger,wiener zeitschr.f.d.kunde d.morgendes 48,1941,312 ff.)the impression that i underestimated the oriental elements in byzantine history,a misunderstanding due mainly to the ambiguity of the term‘oriental’,and perhaps partly to the brevity of my remarks on this point which i have now tried to make clearer.
[40]it is pointless to dispute this as is done by j.karayannopulos,das finanzwesen des frühbyzantinischen staates munich 1958.cf.my review in vierteljahrssche.f.sozial-u.wirts插ftsgesch.47,2(1960),258 ff.
[41]on what follows see especially seeck,untergang 2,59 ff.;buryter rom.empire j2,18 ff.;lot,fin du monde antique,99 ff.;rostovtzeff,gesells插ft und wirts插ft 2,210 ff.;stein,geschichte 1,98 ff.;168 ff.;w.ensslin,‘the reforms of diocletian’,cah xii(1939),383 ff.;kornemann,weltgeschichte 2,247 ff.;piganiol,empire chrétien,275 ff.;vogt,constantin der grosse(1949);2nd ed.1960,95 ff.
[42]cf.kornemann,doppelprinzipat.
[43]an independent dioecesis aegypti was split off from the dioecesis orientis,and the dioecesis moesiarum was separated into the two d.dacia and macedonia which then made up the praefectura praetorio per illyricum(cf.below,p.54).cf.buryter rom.empire 12,28 ff.;e.kornemann,‘dioecesis’in pw 5(1905),727 ff.,and weltgeschichte 254 ff.(with good maps xix and xxi appended)。
[44]cf.stein,geschichte 1,53 ff.and untersuchungenüber das officium der pratorianerprafektur seit diokletian,vienna 1922;j.r.pnque,essai sur préfecture du prétoire au bas-empire,paris 1933.
[45]cf.a.e.r.boak,the master of the offices in theter roman and byzantine empires,new york 1914.
[46]a.s.dup,the office of the grand 插mbein in theter roman and byzantine empires,new york 1924.r.guind,‘les eunuques dans l’empirebyzantin’,eb 1(1943),196 ff.,and‘fonctions et dignités des eunuques’,eb 2(1944),185 ff.,3(1945),179 ff.
[47]on the byzantine senate see the thorough study by e.christophilopulu,,athens 1949.
[48]for a detailed discussion of the honorary titles of the early byzantine period,especially the title spectabilis,cf.r.guird,‘etudes sur l’histoire administrative de l’empire byzantin.les titres nobiliaires de hauteépoque(ive-vie siècles)’,zrvi 8,1(1963),117 ff.
[49]cf.e.christophilopulu,‘’,bz 44(1951)(dolger-festschrift),79 ff.
[50]cf.j.ebersolt,le grand pis de constantinople et le livre des cérémonies,paris 1910,p.40,n.2.a.vogt,constantin porphyrogénète.le livre des cérémoniesmentaire i(1935),126,is not clear in his notes because he does not seem to have noticed that the expression(notas he gives in text i,p.90,13)in 插pter 16 also urs in many other ces in the book of ceremonies.he appears to have overlooked ebersolt’s notes.
[51]the question of diocletian’s system of taxation is much disputed.the most important works are:o.seeck,‘die s插tsordnung diocletians’,zeitschr.f.sozial-u.wirts插ftsgesch.4(1896),275 ff.;f.leo,die capitatio plebeia und die capitatio humana im romisch-byzantinischen straatsrecht berlin 1900;f.thibault,‘les impots directs sous le bas-empire romain’,revue gédérale du droit 23(1899),289 ff.,481 ff.;24(1900),32 ff.,112 ff.;a.piganiol,l’impot de capitation sous le bas-empire romain,插mbéry 1916;f.lot,l’impot foncier et capitation personelle sous le bas-empire et à l’époque franque,paris 1928;h.bott,die grundzüge der diokletianischen steuerverfassung,diss.frankfurt 1928;stein,geschichte i,109 ff.;rostovtzeff,gesells插ft und wirts插ft 2,221 ff.;w.ensslin,‘the reforms of diocletian’,cah xii(1939),399 ff.;a dé1éage capitation du bas-empire.macon 1945;a.h.m.jones,‘capitatio et iugatio’,jrs 47(1957),88 ff.;j.karayannopulos,das finanzwesen des frübbyzantinischen staates,munich 1958,28 ff.see also the following note.
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